Several factors influence the distribution of soil types including parent material, climate, topography, organic activity and age. Ten of the common Australian soils with some of their characteristics are described here. See bottom of page for source of information.
Podosol
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Generally, podosols have very low agricultural potential with very low chemical fertility, structure and water-holding capacity. Ground-water contamination is a potential problem due to high permeability. |
Tenosol
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Tenosols have a weakly developed soil profile which is typically very sandy and without obvious horizons. Tenosols form from highly salicious parent material and where rainfall is from 0 to 1400mm. Generally, tenosols have a very low agricultural potential with very low chemical fertility, poor structure and low water-holding capacity. Ground-water contamination can be a potential problem due to the high permeability of these soils.
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Kurosol
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Kurasols have a strong texture contrast (also known as a duplex soil) with a strongly acid B horizon that may or may not be sodic. Kurosols form from parent materials that are highly siliceous, siliceous to intermediate in composition and where rainfall is from 50 to 1350mm in poorly drained sites or 750 to 1300mm on well-drained sites. The surface of Kurosol soils are often acidic.
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Sodosol
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Sodosols show strong texture contrast with highly sodic B horizon but they are not highly acidic (pH > 5.5). Parent materials of Sodosols range from highly siliceous, siliceous to intermediate in composition.
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Chromosol
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Chromosols have a strong contrasting texture. They are not strongly acidic or sodic in the upper B horizon. The parent material of Chromosols ranges from highly siliceous, siliceous to intermediate in composition.
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Vertosol
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Vertosols are clay-rich soils (>35%) of uniform texture. They have the potential for strong cracking and slickensides. The parent materials of Vertosols range from intermediate, mafic to ultramafic in composition. These soils are found in imperfectly drained sites (black vertosol) with rainfall up to 1150mm in well-drained sites (red vertosol) with rainfall up to 900mm. These soils have high agricultural potential with high chemical fertility and water-holding capacity but they require significant amounts of rain before water is available to plants. Gypsum and/or lime may be required to improve their structure. Heavy plastic clays can be difficult to cultivate especially when they are wet. Shrink-swell phenomena also creates problems for foundations of buildings built on Vertosols.
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Ferrosol
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Ferrosols do not have a strong texture contrast. Their B2 horizon has high free iron oxide (Fe >5%). Mostly, they are well structured. The parent material of ferrosols is intermediate or mafic in composition. These soils are only found in well-drained sites with rainfall between 700mm and 1450mm.
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Kandosol
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Kandosols do not have a strong texture contrast between the A and B horizons. They have a massive or weakly structured B horizon and are not calcareous. Parent material of Kandosols ranges from highly siliceous, siliceous to intermediate in composition.
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Calcarosol
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Calcarosols contain calcium carbonate (lime), especially in the subsoil. Parent material ranges from highly siliceous, siliceous to intermediate in composition. These soils are found in imperfectly drained sites where rainfall is up 400mm and in well-drained sites with rainfall between 250mm and 500mm. Generally, they have low to moderate agricultural potential with low chemical fertility and water-holding capacity. They often have high salinity levels, alkalinity and boron toxicity.
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Dermosol
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Dermosols do not have strong texture contrast. They have a well structured B2 horizon containing low levels of free iron. The parent materials of dermosols range from siliceous, intermediate to mafic in composition.
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Parent material is the material that soil develops from such as rock, or material that has been deposited by wind or water. The characteristics of the parent material are important in determining the physical and chemical properties of the soil.
Sodic soils are high in sodium, easily erodible and poor for plant growth.
Mafic soils are rich in Mg and Fe, as well as in many other nutrients; generally dark or reddish in colour and clay rich.
Saliceous soils are quartz-rich and low in clay.
This material is from the soils poster by Gray, J.M. and Murphy, B.W. (2002), Predicting Soil Distribution, Joint DLWC and ASSSI Technical Poster, DLWC, Sydney. For further information, see the Australian Soil Classification homepage: http://www.cbr.clw.csiro.au/aclep/asc/soilhome.html
Ref: Gray, J.M. & Murphy, B.W. (2002), Predicting Soil Distribution, Joint Dept. of Land & Water Conservation (DLWC) & Aust. Society for Soil Science Technical Poster, DLWC, Sydney.